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This is binutils.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.3 from
binutils.texi.
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives
* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files
* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files
* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files
* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents
* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size
* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files
* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols
* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line
* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM
* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources
* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

File: binutils.info, Node: readelf, Next: size, Prev: ranlib, Up: Top
readelf
*******
readelf [`-a'|`--all']
[`-h'|`--file-header']
[`-l'|`--program-headers'|`--segments']
[`-S'|`--section-headers'|`--sections']
[`-e'|`--headers']
[`-s'|`--syms'|`--symbols']
[`-n'|`--notes']
[`-r'|`--relocs']
[`-u'|`--unwind']
[`-d'|`--dynamic']
[`-V'|`--version-info']
[`-A'|`--arch-specific']
[`-D'|`--use-dynamic']
[`-x' <number>|`--hex-dump='<number>]
[`-w[liaprmfFso]'|
`--debug-dump'[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc]]
[`-I'|`-histogram']
[`-v'|`--version']
[`-W'|`--wide']
[`-H'|`--help']
ELFFILE...
`readelf' displays information about one or more ELF format object
files. The options control what particular information to display.
ELFFILE... are the object files to be examined. At the moment,
`readelf' does not support examining archives, nor does it support
examining 64 bit ELF files.
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent. At least one option besides `-v' or `-H' must be given.
`-a'
`--all'
Equivalent to specifiying `--file-header', `--program-headers',
`--sections', `--symbols', `--relocs', `--dynamic', `--notes' and
`--version-info'.
`-h'
`--file-header'
Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start
of the file.
`-l'
`--program-headers'
`--segments'
Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers,
if it has any.
`-S'
`--sections'
`--section-headers'
Displays the information contained in the file's section headers,
if it has any.
`-s'
`--symbols'
`--syms'
Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it
has one.
`-e'
`--headers'
Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to `-h -l -S'.
`-n'
`--notes'
Displays the contents of the NOTE segment, if it exists.
`-r'
`--relocs'
Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has
one.
`-u'
`--unwind'
Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one.
Only the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently
supported.
`-u'
`--unwind'
Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one.
Only the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently
supported.
`-d'
`--dynamic'
Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one.
`-V'
`--version-info'
Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they
exist.
`-A'
`--arch-specific'
Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there
is any.
`-D'
`--use-dynamic'
When displaying symbols, this option makes `readelf' use the
symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in
the symbols section.
`-x <number>'
`--hex-dump=<number>'
Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal
dump.
`-w[liaprmfFso]'
`--debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc]'
Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are
present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the
switch then only data found in those specific sections will be
dumped.
`-I'
`--histogram'
Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the
contents of the symbol tables.
`-v'
`--version'
Display the version number of readelf.
`-W'
`--wide'
Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default
`readelf' breaks section header and segment listing lines for
64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option
causes `readelf' to print each section header resp. each segment
one a single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider
than 80 columns.
`-H'
`--help'
Display the command line options understood by `readelf'.

File: binutils.info, Node: Selecting The Target System, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: dlltool, Up: Top
Selecting the Target System
***************************
You can specify two aspects of the target system to the GNU binary
file utilities, each in several ways:
* the target
* the architecture
In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are
in order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
listed later.
The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
`--enable-targets=all', the commands list most of the available values,
but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at once
because some of them can only be configured "native" (on hosts with the
same type as the target system).
* Menu:
* Target Selection::
* Architecture Selection::

File: binutils.info, Node: Target Selection, Next: Architecture Selection, Up: Selecting The Target System
Target Selection
================
A "target" is an object file format. A given target may be
supported for multiple architectures (*note Architecture Selection::).
A target selection may also have variations for different operating
systems or architectures.
The command to list valid target values is `objdump -i' (the first
column of output contains the relevant information).
Some sample values are: `a.out-hp300bsd', `ecoff-littlemips',
`a.out-sunos-big'.
You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
the same sort of name that is passed to `configure' to specify a
target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be
fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
running the shell script `config.sub' which is included with the
sources.
Some sample configuration triplets are: `m68k-hp-bsd',
`mips-dec-ultrix', `sparc-sun-sunos'.
`objdump' Target
----------------
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-b' or `--target'
2. environment variable `GNUTARGET'
3. deduced from the input file
`objcopy' and `strip' Input Target
----------------------------------
Ways to specify:
1. command line options: `-I' or `--input-target', or `-F' or
`--target'
2. environment variable `GNUTARGET'
3. deduced from the input file
`objcopy' and `strip' Output Target
-----------------------------------
Ways to specify:
1. command line options: `-O' or `--output-target', or `-F' or
`--target'
2. the input target (see "`objcopy' and `strip' Input Target" above)
3. environment variable `GNUTARGET'
4. deduced from the input file
`nm', `size', and `strings' Target
----------------------------------
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `--target'
2. environment variable `GNUTARGET'
3. deduced from the input file

File: binutils.info, Node: Architecture Selection, Prev: Target Selection, Up: Selecting The Target System
Architecture Selection
======================
An "architecture" is a type of CPU on which an object file is to
run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
processor family from the name of the particular CPU.
The command to list valid architecture values is `objdump -i' (the
second column contains the relevant information).
Sample values: `m68k:68020', `mips:3000', `sparc'.
`objdump' Architecture
----------------------
Ways to specify:
1. command line option: `-m' or `--architecture'
2. deduced from the input file
`objcopy', `nm', `size', `strings' Architecture
-----------------------------------------------
Ways to specify:
1. deduced from the input file

File: binutils.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Selecting The Target System, Up: Top
Reporting Bugs
**************
Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary
utilities reliable.
Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem,
or it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report
is to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary
utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their
maintenance.
In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
information that enables us to fix the bug.
* Menu:
* Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
* Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs

File: binutils.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Reporting, Up: Reporting Bugs
Have You Found a Bug?
=====================
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some
guidelines:
* If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever,
that is a bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
* If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input,
that is a bug.
* If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your
suggestions for improvement are welcome in any case.

File: binutils.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Prev: Bug Criteria, Up: Reporting Bugs
How to Report Bugs
==================
A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU
products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support
organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
You can find contact information for many support companies and
individuals in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution.
In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the
binary utilities to `bug-binutils@gnu.org'.
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
*report all the facts*. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or
leave it out, state it!
Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter.
Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is
a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where
that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were
different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into
doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
and the most helpful.
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
the bug if it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports
on the assumption that the bug has not been reported previously.
Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a
bell?" This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We
respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. You
might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with.
To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
* The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you
start it with the `--version' argument.
Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in
looking for the bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
* Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any
patches made to the `BFD' library.
* The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name
and version number.
* What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the
utilities--e.g. "`gcc-2.7'".
* The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To
guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A
copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess
wrong and then we might not encounter the bug.
* A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce
the bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then
it is generally most helpful to send the actual object files,
uuencoded if necessary to get them through the mail system. Note
that `bug-binutils@gnu.org' is a mailing list, so you should avoid
sending very large files to it. Making the files available for
anonymous FTP is OK.
If the source files were produced exclusively using GNU programs
(e.g., `gcc', `gas', and/or the GNU `ld'), then it may be OK to
send the source files rather than the object files. In this case,
be sure to say exactly what version of `gcc', or whatever, was
used to produce the object files. Also say how `gcc', or
whatever, was configured.
* A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
incorrect. For example, "It gets a fatal signal."
Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal,
then we will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect
output, we might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You
might as well not give us a chance to make a mistake.
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should
still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on,
such as your copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have
encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has
happened!) Your copy might crash and ours would not. If you told
us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know
that the bug was not happening for us. If you had not told us to
expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion
from our observations.
* If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context
diffs, as generated by `diff' with the `-u', `-c', or `-p' option.
Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you wish
to discuss something in the `ld' source, refer to it by context,
not by line number.
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those
in your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful
information to us.
Here are some things that are not necessary:
* A description of the envelope of the bug.
Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
changes will not affect it.
This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way
we will find the bug is by running a single example under the
debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of
examples. We recommend that you save your time for something else.
Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report _instead_
of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
less time, and so on.
However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do
this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you
used.
* A patch for the bug.
A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not
omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the
assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems
with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we
might not understand it at all.
Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it
is very hard to construct an example that will make the program
follow a certain path through the code. If you do not send us the
example, we will not be able to construct one, so we will not be
able to verify that the bug is fixed.
And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why
your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A
test case will help us to understand.
* A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about
such things without first using the debugger to find the facts.

File: binutils.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top
GNU Free Documentation License
******************************
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
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license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
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We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
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must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the
original English version of this License. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original English
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License."
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

File: binutils.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Index
*****
* Menu:
* .stab: objdump.
* addr2line: addr2line.
* address to file name and line number: addr2line.
* all header information, object file: objdump.
* ar: ar.
* ar compatibility: ar.
* architecture: objdump.
* architectures available: objdump.
* archive contents: ranlib.
* archive headers: objdump.
* archives: ar.
* base files: dlltool.
* bug criteria: Bug Criteria.
* bug reports: Bug Reporting.
* bugs: Reporting Bugs.
* bugs, reporting: Bug Reporting.
* c++filt: c++filt.
* changing object addresses: objcopy.
* changing section address: objcopy.
* changing section LMA: objcopy.
* changing section VMA: objcopy.
* changing start address: objcopy.
* collections of files: ar.
* compatibility, ar: ar.
* contents of archive: ar cmdline.
* crash: Bug Criteria.
* creating archives: ar cmdline.
* cxxfilt: c++filt.
* dates in archive: ar cmdline.
* debug symbols: objdump.
* debugging symbols: nm.
* deleting from archive: ar cmdline.
* demangling C++ symbols: c++filt.
* demangling in nm: nm.
* demangling in objdump <1>: addr2line.
* demangling in objdump: objdump.
* disassembling object code: objdump.
* disassembly architecture: objdump.
* disassembly endianness: objdump.
* disassembly, with source: objdump.
* discarding symbols: strip.
* DLL: dlltool.
* dlltool: dlltool.
* dynamic relocation entries, in object file: objdump.
* dynamic symbol table entries, printing: objdump.
* dynamic symbols: nm.
* ELF core notes: readelf.
* ELF dynamic section information: readelf.
* ELF file header information: readelf.
* ELF file information: readelf.
* ELF object file format: objdump.
* ELF program header information: readelf.
* ELF reloc information: readelf.
* ELF section information: readelf.
* ELF segment information: readelf.
* ELF symbol table information: readelf.
* ELF version sections informations: readelf.
* endianness: objdump.
* error on valid input: Bug Criteria.
* external symbols: nm.
* extract from archive: ar cmdline.
* fatal signal: Bug Criteria.
* file name: nm.
* header information, all: objdump.
* input .def file: dlltool.
* input file name: nm.
* libraries: ar.
* listings strings: strings.
* machine instructions: objdump.
* moving in archive: ar cmdline.
* MRI compatibility, ar: ar scripts.
* name duplication in archive: ar cmdline.
* name length: ar.
* nm: nm.
* nm compatibility: nm.
* nm format: nm.
* not writing archive index: ar cmdline.
* objdump: objdump.
* object code format <1>: addr2line.
* object code format <2>: strings.
* object code format <3>: size.
* object code format <4>: objdump.
* object code format: nm.
* object file header: objdump.
* object file information: objdump.
* object file sections: objdump.
* object formats available: objdump.
* operations on archive: ar cmdline.
* printing from archive: ar cmdline.
* printing strings: strings.
* quick append to archive: ar cmdline.
* radix for section sizes: size.
* ranlib: ranlib.
* readelf: readelf.
* relative placement in archive: ar cmdline.
* relocation entries, in object file: objdump.
* removing symbols: strip.
* repeated names in archive: ar cmdline.
* replacement in archive: ar cmdline.
* reporting bugs: Reporting Bugs.
* scripts, ar: ar scripts.
* section addresses in objdump: objdump.
* section headers: objdump.
* section information: objdump.
* section sizes: size.
* sections, full contents: objdump.
* size: size.
* size display format: size.
* size number format: size.
* sorting symbols: nm.
* source code context: objdump.
* source disassembly: objdump.
* source file name: nm.
* source filenames for object files: objdump.
* stab: objdump.
* start-address: objdump.
* stop-address: objdump.
* strings: strings.
* strings, printing: strings.
* strip: strip.
* symbol index <1>: ranlib.
* symbol index: ar.
* symbol index, listing: nm.
* symbol line numbers: nm.
* symbol table entries, printing: objdump.
* symbols: nm.
* symbols, discarding: strip.
* undefined symbols: nm.
* Unix compatibility, ar: ar cmdline.
* unwind information: readelf.
* updating an archive: ar cmdline.
* version: Top.
* VMA in objdump: objdump.
* wide output, printing: objdump.
* writing archive index: ar cmdline.
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